/gamblingstocks has just turned 3 days old. Congratulations and thank you all for joining our fledging community. In recognition of this milestone, I want to lay out how we got here, what my intentions are, and discuss what you would like to see from this subreddit moving forward.
skip this part if you only care about gamblingstocks: It starts with a brief background on me . I got inspired by the idea to invest in weedstocks when I was younger because I thought Trudeau would legalize it when he ran for Prime Minister. I knew nothing about stocks or the market or $ for that matter but I did and still have a big nerd interest in politics. I knew that the BC Young Liberals had already put forward in their platform the idea to legalize weed. I also knew that for the first time ever Liberals went from being 1 or 2 party in power to being relegated to the 3rd Party Position behind Michael Ignatieff. (Hard for ppl without reference, this was the most embarassing thing to happen to the Liberal's in Canada's history. Furthermore, the perfect storm was created because the Conservatives had already been in power for 10 years under Stephen Harper and no one has ever won more than 3 elections in a row) Even better, a smokeshow young Justin Trudeau was the new leader of the Liberals and rode the last name of the most famous Prime Minister in history before him (his father Pierre Trudeau). The final thing that made me sure, the obvious fact that Colorado legalized and the US Federal government didn't shut that shit down immediately - that was the writing on the wall. So anyways, I somehow googled and found some random medical marijuana stocks online that had just started trading. With no experience, I walked into a bank with 3k cash and asked to buy Tweed (what CGC was first) they told me that it wasn't a safe investment and I was young. I left and opened up an online account that week. My second investment in Aurora dropped 50% in 1 week and stayed that way for 5 months. I thought I was the biggest moron in the world. 2 Years later, and I was sitting on an insane growth. I remember joining the fucking tweed subreddit and the CGC sub. I remember lurking /weedstocks when it was less than 500 subscribers... I remember thinking that was a fucking genius idea. That sub has close to 200,000 subscribers at present point in time and I bought CGC when its market cap was 200 million Canadian. Now, this is hard for me to admit, but I was young, had no exit plan, got greedy, had no idea what I was trying to do and thought I was a trader savant, God's gift to the world, and I ultimately lost a substantial amount of my money. Mind you, it was all profit to begin with but that didn't make it hurt less and it would have significantly changed my life but its important to learn from our past successes and our past mistakes. It honestly was a hard thing to move on from specifically because I believe it was such a unique phenomenon.
Anyways I have continued to watch ppl try to replicate something close to what we saw with the "weedstocks" phenomenon (which is still happening mind you years later) and I had truly thought that it was a once in a lifetime play. It is of course a separate play but the similarities between weedstocks and gamblingstocks is obvious. In fact, it is my opinion that ppl are so hungry for another weedstocks play that they are turning to things like GME and DOGE coin (something completely unrelated) and /shroomstocks (very much so related). Shroomstocks is fast approaching 30,000 subscribers for investors of magic mushrooms stocks in the hopes that drug policy/laws will change to their benefit. With all do respect, as I hope the best for those investors, is this not the clearly better play? we have an 1) actual clear path to legalization 2) support across political parties 3) Real, established companies with actual business people 4) A pandemic which creates the perfect pressure for change! The gambling companies don't have to build warehouses to grow the product, spend money on heating and electricity, pesticides, storage, shipping and receiving? What about the 'product' in this industry? What is the comparative upkeep in that? So you can imagine how I felt when I stumbled across $SCR and Bill C-13 earlier this week. I have had this feeling exactly twice in my life before, with weedstocks and with crypto in 2017. I might be going crazy but I am seeing the exact same comments as plays as early weed. Ppl questioning if it will continue to go up after such a large run are missing the point. The Score was one of the most active traded stocks on the entire TSE yesterday. It was the same for weedstocks back in the day, it is not in the Canada's best interest to stop a homegrown company from doing well and becoming an international player. Trudeau and Company have all the reasons in the world for wanting to see this through. Why the fuck would you smack down a domestic company during a pandemic? Ultimately it is a gamble which is why there is such huge potential for us, but I would trust literally the same man who has already proven he can do something so different like legalize weed (because it may seem like long ago but it really was a debate in the recent past). And it really is his show at this point, because unless he does something really bad the other 2 have no chance in hell of beating him in an election any time soon. So with all that said, and with my previous history, I immediately checked reddit to see if I could find a community of likeminded ppl who were early on in this area. I have never done it but I thought there was a need to create a group and coalesce around a catchy name, so i decided on /gamblingstocks.
the same day that I started to begin to create and edit the subreddit, I noticed something strange. Ppl were immediately beginning to join and subscribe to the sub and we hadn't even started. Ppl of course already had the same idea I had, some turned out had it months ago! That motivated me to put just a bit of effort into the layout, and I tried to promote the sub to other areas of reddit with varying success. I continued to try and promote/shill this sub instead of allow for growth organically because of 2 ideas: 1)how would anyone even know we exist and find this place to start and 2)While it will happen regardless, the premise is that this subreddit could serve as a catalyst point for the upcoming gamblingstock wave in the current market we now find ourselves.
In other words, this ain't your daddy's stockmarket no more. Social media infects everything, and I believe that the pace will only continue to increase in the immediate future. Whether its picking US Presidents and World Leaders or manipulating the stock market (See GME) the era of social media investing has arrived. Our new gamblingstocks industry coupled with the new realities of social media are why I made this group. Fundamentals don't matter any more, nothing matters anymore. Values are detached from reality, look at housing prices in certain spots around the world. I was told Tesla is a joke and would never amount to anything because of something called finding value with P/E ratio? /s what a joke. Shouldn't have listened to that age old wisdom, if you have been living under a rock Tesla is now the most valuable car company in the world. Elon added Billions of Dollars in value to an internet coin named after a dog just by sending a joke tweet. (doge coin) We live in a world where if Elon Musk tweets $SCR the price will go to $50 in 1 hour. Heck it doesn't even have to be Elon at this point. That is the reality that we face today. And with that new reality, comes new problems and opportunities. I hope to ride those opportunities with every one of you in the coming year. I fully expect to see stock market only social media stars and celebrities. The lines are quickly becoming blurred. Its not Warren Buffet anymore, its kids dancing stock tips to their follower on Tik Tok videos.
And the best part. We are not shilling something fake or bullshit! We have a PROVEN product as old as time itself with a tested, real market. We have actual legalization change and public opinion change and the conversations on the matter are frankly already over in the public discourse. So with all of that together I truly believe that at some point what we have already found out will hit "the singularity" and then it will go viral. I don't know when that will happen. We don't even need it to happen. But I believe it will. So I will use the power of the internet to see if I can make this come to fruition faster, to see if I am completely full of shit, and to bring regular ppl together to see if we can make some $$$ in the interim. Because after all, that is the power (good or bad) of social media!
Now, I am just one simple person, and I literally have learned about the stocks and done all of this since Friday. So far, I have tried throwing a bunch of stuff at the wall, and see what sticks. However, as time goes on I want to make sure that I conduct myself in a manner that is open, transparent, and is a good reflection of this subreddit. So I finish by asking you for your help, advice, criticisms, and suggestions. Anything and everything is on the table. If you have seen me spreading the word about this subreddit in other subs, should I stop or keep going? Should I put any focus on promoting/marketing the sub, or just leave it alone? What do you think about the amount of posts that I am making, both personal and news articles? Would you like to see a daily discussion thread? Am I completely off my rocker and should I STFU? What's next for the sub?
Thank you and goodnight, I look forward to the shit show tomorrow.

Popular Builder Solitaire Card Games

Solitaire is the much beloved choice for killing time in the office or at the home computer. The three most popular solitaire card games are Klondike, Spider, and FreeCell, and these enjoy dizzying heights of popularity as a result of being included as part of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s (for more on this, see this article). What these three games have in common is that they all fit the "builder" genre. That means that they follow the basic formula of many solitaire games, where the overall objective is to arrange cards in ascending order from Ace through to King, for each of the four separate suits. Typically this is done by placing and moving cards within a tableau of rows and columns of cards, where the cards are often arranged in descending order, sometimes with an additional requirement of alternating colours.
Klondike, Spider, and FreeCell are by no means unique in this regard, and the genre of "building" games is the most popular archetype within the larger world of solitaire card games. Not all solitaire card games are builder games, but builder games are the most common and arguably the most loved. So which other solitaire games of this type should you know about and should you try first? I've explored the world of solitaire card games extensively myself, and also examined numerous lists about the most popular ones, to help you begin your experience with the best of the best, rather than waste your time with mediocre or obscure games. The six builder games covered in this article are time-tested classics that are most well-known and loved, and represent the best "next step" for anyone wanting to branch out after enjoying Klondike, Spider, or FreeCell.
Each of the builder games discussed here represents a small category of its own, because there are many popular variations and related games for each, which I will cover as well. As with my previous articles on solitaire games games, the accompanying links go to Solitaired.com, which is a website where you can play these games for free. But because these games are so common and well known, you'll find that they are included in most software and websites that offer collections of solitaire card games.

== Games With One Deck ==

BAKER'S DOZEN
Overview: Baker's Dozen also represents a family of games that plays much like Forty Thieves (see below), but with a single deck. While some variations have a stock, in Baker's Dozen and its most closely related games all the cards are face up, so you have complete information to work with.
Game-play: The tableau consists of thirteen columns of four overlapping and face-up cards each, while the four foundations begin empty. To ensure that the tableau doesn't lock up too quickly, Kings are automatically placed to the bottom of each column when they are turned up. Just like in Forty Thieves, only the single top card of each column may be moved, and columns are built downwards, in any colour and suit. Empty spaces in the tableau may not be filled. As you'd expect, the aim is to get the entire deck onto the four foundations, building up each from Ace to King, with each being built upwards by value.
Variations: Portuguese Solitaire makes Baker's Dozen slightly easier by allowing empty spaces in the tableau to be filled with Kings, while Spanish Patience allows building on the foundations regardless of suit. Baker's Two Deck is effectively the same as Baker's Dozen but using two decks, with eight foundations and a tableau consisting of ten columns with 10 or 11 cards each.
My thoughts: Because this only involves a single deck, Baker's Dozen is much quicker to play than Forty Thieves, and the chances of success are also significantly higher, with as many as 2 of 3 games being easily winnable. The fact that Kings begin at the bottom of the tableau ensures that you don't get stuck too quickly, and being able to build down in the tableau independent of suit ensures a great amount of flexibility. At the same time managing the tableau carefully is still important, especially in cases where empty spaces don't get filled. This makes Baker's Dozen a quicker, simpler, and more accessible game than Forty Thieves and its many variants, while still remaining rewarding and satisfying to play.

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Related games: Castles in Spain requires building down in the tableau to be with alternate colours, and in most versions of this game all but the top card of each column in the tableau begins face-down. Quite similar is Martha and its harder sibling Stewart, where every second card in the tableau begins face-down. Good Measure is a more difficult variation of Baker's Dozen, since it uses ten columns of five cards each, and has more strict rules for building on the foundations; Canister has only eight columns with even more cards on each.
Bisley: Special mention can be made of Bisley, which is a classic but more difficult game in this family. In Bisley you use a tableau of thirteen columns of four cards each to build upwards on the four Aces, and simultaneously build downwards on the Kings whenever they become available.
CANFIELD
Overview: Canfield is one of the all time greats among solitaire games, and is a genuine classic. Also known under names like Demon, Fascination, or Thirteen, you'll find that it appears in almost every book with solitaire card games. According to legend, the game owes its origin and name to Richard A. Canfield, a 19th century gambler. For an initial outlay of $52, Canfield offered gamblers a reward of $5 for every card successfully played to the foundations, with a $500 pot for successfully playing all 52 cards to the foundations. Anything more than 10 cards played to the foundations would get you out of the red, but in most cases the game favoured the casino, indicating how hard the game can be to play.
Game-play: Game-play is much like Klondike, with the aim of building up all four suits in order. The key difference is the starting set-up, because there is a single face-down reserve of 13 cards (sometimes called the "demon"), with a 14th card turned up as the first foundation card. The foundations begin with the cards corresponding to the rank of this initially turned up card (rather than the usual Ace), and the idea is to build upwards from there, if necessary "turning the corner" from King through to Ace. Also different from Klondike is the starting tableau, which consists of just four face up cards alongside the reserve. The stock is turned up three cards at a time as in standard Klondike, with as many re-deals as necessary. Any space that appears in the tableau is immediately filled by the top card of the reserve pile, which is always kept face-up.
Variations: Given how challenging it can take to win a standard game of Canfield, a number of variants exist that simplify the game slightly, increasing your chances of playing cards to the foundations. Canfield's gambling house is said to have given players the option of going through the stock three times when dealing three cards at a time, or just a single time when dealing one card at a time, and it has been estimated that most games would only see 5 or 6 cards played. The game becomes slightly easier with Canfield Rush, where the cards are first dealt three at a time, then two at a time, and then individually in a final deal of the stock.
My thoughts: Canfield does have a strong connection to Klondike, but has a smaller tableau to work with, while also providing a much smaller number of cards (only 13) that are face-down in the tableau at the start of the game. The real key is finding a way to make these cards available and get these into the game. Given how hard the original game is, I prefer playing with the rule that allows dealing of cards individually, and cycling through the stock as often as necessary. Some of the related games discussed below, such as Rainbow and Storehouse, significantly improve your winning chances, and can be very satisfying to play. Certainly if you enjoy Klondike, this game is a great next step to try.

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Related games: In Rainbow (also called Rainbow Canfield), cards may be built downwards in the tableau regardless of suit (some versions still require alternating colour), making it much easier to manipulate cards and work your way through the stock and the reserve. Additionally, cards from the reserve aren't automatically added to the tableau, giving you more control and adding strategic options. In most versions of Storehouse (also called Thirteen-Up), you get an additional head-start by placing your initial four cards on the foundations at the outset, while cards from the stock are turned up one at a time. The big difference in this game is that you must build down by suit in the tableau, which really changes how the game feels, because playing from the tableau to the foundation usually involves a whole string of cards at once. Eagle Wing (also called Thirteen-Down) is somewhat similar to Storehouse, and has a uniquely shaped tableau. Dutchess (sometimes spelled Duchess), is a Canfield style game that adds a reserve of four fans, while American Toad is an easy-to-win version of Canfield with two decks.
Two Players: Canfield has been adapted for a multi-player game under the common name Pounce, and is also known as Nerts or Racing Demon. A commercial version exists under the name Solitaire Frenzy, and the published game Dutch Blitz is also a close relative. In Pounce, each player uses his own deck and tableau, playing simultaneously and real time onto shared foundations, with the goal is to be the first to get rid of your reserve pile. You can play with as many as half a dozen players or more, and the frenzied action typically proves to be enormous fun!
FAN GAMES (La Belle Lucie)
Overview: La Belle Lucie, also called in English "Lovely Lucy" or "Beautiful Lutecia", is a classic representative of the family of games typically described as Fan games. It's one of the more difficult games in the genre to win, and thus some of its variants and closely related games have arguably become more popular than Lovely Lucy itself. But this classic game of French origin is a good archetype of the genre, and you'll find it included in most books with patience games, and on most solitaire websites and software. Effectively this game is just a tableau of 17 columns of three cards each (plus a column with a single card), but the fan-style arrangement with horizontally overlapping cards that is traditionally associated with this game is a signature feature.
Game-play: A single deck is dealt face-up into 17 "fans", each consisting of three overlapping cards, plus an 18th column with just one card. Only one card can be transferred within the tableau at a time, so sequences can't be moved, and building happens downwards according to suit. Empty spaces in the tableau may not be filled. The aim is to build up four foundations by suit from Ace to King. Under the most commonly played rules, once you are unable to place or move any more cards, you take all the cards from the tableau and redeal them into fans with three cards each; there are two such re-deals.
Variations: Three Shuffles and a Draw (also called Lovely Lucy With a Draw) adds a merci play, where you can move a single blocked card once during the course of the game. While La Belle Lucie is sometimes called The Fan, this is also the name of a popular variation which allows exposed Kings to be played to empty spaces in the tableau, making the game less frustrating and far more achievable. Trefoil is identical to La Belle Lucie except that the Aces begin on the foundations, resulting in an initial tableau of just 16 fans.
My thoughts: This is a terrific single-deck game, because you have perfect information given that all the cards are face-up, and the large number of columns/fans means that buried cards have at most only a couple of cards blocking them. La Belle Lucie is very difficult to win under the original and strict rules, especially because empty fans may not be refilled, and cards beneath an unplayable exposed card (e.g. a King) are permanently inaccessible. The merci rule that lets you unblock one card is virtually essential, and usually a standard way of playing, but even after two redeals the game can still be hard to finish, depending on the draw. Some of the variants and related games that simplify things slightly are more satisfying. This is one of my favourite solitaire games to play with a single deck, since it is less luck-dependent than many other popular single-deck games like Klondike.

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Related games: One of the more popular games in this family is Super Flower Garden, where building downward is permitted regardless of suit; with good play under these rules the game can be completed almost every single time. Shamrocks takes the essence of La Belle Lucie, but implements several other changes to make the game much easier: Kings are moved to the bottom of the fan during the deal, and you may build up as well as down on the fans (which are limited in size to 3 cards) and can ignore suits; to prevent it being too easy there are no redeals.
Similar games: Games in the Baker's Dozen family (covered previously above) are sometimes classified as Fan games as well, because the game-play is quite similar, with 13 columns/fans of four cards each, but the absence of re-deals gives them a different feel. Bristol is often played with a tableau consisting of fans as well, but there are only eight fans of three cards each, while the rest of the deck functions as a stock that you deal onto three waste or reserve piles. Despite some hidden information, those who appreciate Fan games are likely to appreciate Bristol as well. Intelligence is a two-deck game in the style of La Belle Lucie, while the relatively easy two-deck game Buffalo Bill relies on reserve cells rather than tableau building.
CASTLE GAMES (Beleaguered Castle)
Overview: Beleaguered Castle is the most famous member of what can be called the "Castle" family of solitaire games, and is a classic game that you'll find in most books of Patience. This game sometimes also goes under the alternative names of Laying Siege and Sham Battle. It is an excellent example of an open solitaire game, because all the cards are dealt face-up at the start, so you begin with perfect information.
Game-play: With the four Aces placed in a vertical column as foundations, the rest of the cards are dealt face-up into four rows of six overlapping cards each on either side, forming a tableau consisting of two "wings". As expected, the goal is to build all four foundations in order from Ace through King. Cards may only be moved within the tableau one at a time, rather than in stacks, so only the end card of each row within the tableau may be moved, either to the foundations, to another row in descending sequence regardless of suit, or to an empty space in the tableau.
Variations: In Streets and Alleys, the Aces don't begin in the starting foundations at all, but are included in the initial tableau of dealt cards, so that the four rows on the left side of the foundations each consist of seven cards each rather than six. Thomas Warfield's Stronghold adds a storage cell to Streets and Alleys, to give more strategic options for movement. Citadel improves Beleaguered Castle's initial position slightly by allowing you to build straight to the foundations during the deal, while Selective Castle lets you choose the rank of the foundation cards after the deal. Some solitaire sites offer a Beleaguered Cities variant (sometimes simply called Castle), which makes the game much easier by allowing you to build in ascending or descending sequence (still regardless of suit), and this ensures that you can nearly always complete the game successfully.
My thoughts: Despite the unusual signature "wing" setup, strictly speaking the mechanics of Beleagured Castle are like most other solitaire games (especially Forty Thieves, see below), but with a single deck, eight columns of six cards each, and no stock. The strict rules for movement and building within the tableau make this a very difficult game to complete successfully. Ideally you want to be able to get one of the rows entirely clear, to give you more options for manipulation within the tableau. Even so, being only able to move the outside card on each row is quite limiting, and as a result you will often be thwarted by the luck of the draw early on, especially if high cards bury some lower cards, and so this classic game can be somewhat frustrating. You'll often find yourself quickly redealing and starting over, hoping for better luck the next time around; one advantage of a digital version is that you can keep redealing until you get a deal that seems like a reasonable starting draw. The simpler variant Castle is a good place to start with this game, since it increases your chances of success drastically.

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Related games: Fortress operates on a similar concept, but there are five rows on each side of the foundations instead of four. In addition, you are restricted to building on the same suit, but you may build in ascending or descending sequence. Aces start within the tableau (thus two rows have six instead of five cards). The variant Chessboard applies the same principle as Selective Castle, by letting you choose the rank of the foundation cards after the deal (building around the corner on the foundations as required), in order to take better advantage of the cards you have been dealt. Zerline is a German game where Queens are high, and helps by adding a four-card storage area.
SIR TOMMY GAMES
Overview: Sir Tommy (Old Patience, Try Again, Numerica) is also known as Old Patience, which reflects its origin as the oldest known patience game, and possible ancestor of all others. The average person may not have heard of it, but it deserves a place on this list because this is a game from which so many other solitaire games are derived, including many more familiar ones. It is at the head of a family of games where cards in the tableau can't be moved after being placed, and that's a unique quality that also makes it quite challenging to win.
Game-play: Suits are irrelevant in this game, and the aim is to build four foundations from Ace to King. You deal the deck face-up one at a time, and the tableau has four columns (or waste piles); dealt cards can be played on any column but cannot be moved from one to another. So while it's still technically a building game because you are building up the foundations, there is no packing in the tableau to assist you with this.
Variations: Some variants (e.g. Auld Lang Syne, Tam O'Shanter) turn Sir Tommy into even an simpler luck-based game nearly impossible to win, while others are extremely strategic like the well-known Calculation. Amazons is an interesting version played with a smaller deck that has the goal of building to the Queens (= Amazons), and is best played digitally given the amount of redealing. Other variants make the game easier (and for me, more enjoyable) by increasing the number of tableaus (Strategy, Lady Betty, and Last Chance) or redeals (Acquaintance), or make it more interesting by requiring building by colours (Puss in the Corner, and Colours, Alternate).
My thoughts: Good players can win as many as 20% of their games, and storing cards in the right order on the four columns is critical, because you want to avoid having low valued cards blocked by higher ones, or having too many cards of the same number in one column. Reserving a pile for Kings and another for high cards is often a good strategy. Even so, it's a hard game to win and can be frustrating. I recommend trying some of the easier variants as a way to enjoy this game; there's a good reason so many variants have evolved from the original over time. It's a large family that includes many solitaire variants, and these are well worth trying and exploring.

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Related games: Several two-deck games are in the Sir Tommy family, including Fanny, Frog (also called Toad), Fly, and Grand Duchess, most of which involve using a reserve. Several two-deck games use similar mechanics but operate with a larger 20 card tableau in the style of the simple game Carpet, but involve building both up and down on the foundations; for me personally these are the most fun of all Sir Tommy variants, and include Twenty (also called Sly Fox), Colorado, Grandmother's Patience (also called Grandmamma's Game), and Grandfather's Patience - all excellent games.
Calculation: Calculation deserves special mention, and has become a classic in its own right. What makes it unique is that the foundations are built up by one, two, three, and four respectively, and it requires a lot of skill. The variant Betsy Ross is more luck-dependent but is also easier to complete successfully.
YUKON
Overview: Yukon first appeared in a 1949 book on solitaire games, and has since exploded in popularity. This single deck solitaire game was partly inspired by Klondike, which is of course the most popular solitaire card game of all time. But because Yukon has no stock and more flexible rules for movement of stacks within the tableau, it allows a lot more scope for thinking.
Game-play: While inspired and indebted to Klondike, Yukon creates a game with a very different feel by removing the requirement that stacks of cards must be in alternating sequence in order to be moved. In other words, you can move any stack to a legal card within the tableau, regardless of the sequence of the cards in that stack. While this makes the game easier, another significant change makes it harder: there is no stock that you deal. So all the cards are in the tableau at the outset, and you'll have to manipulate the tableau cleverly to uncover face-down cards and build all four suits onto the four foundations from Ace through King.
Variations: To make Yukon slightly easier, a couple of variants alter things slightly to simplify the gameplay, such as removing the requirement that only Kings can be placed in an empty space in the tableau (this variation is sometimes called Great River). Some digital implementations give the option of reducing the number of suits used, such as in Yukon One Suit, which you can nearly always win, while still having to think carefully.
My thoughts: The rules for manipulating the tableau give you more options than Klondike, and thus more to consider and think about. Both Yukon and Russian Solitaire (mentioned under "related games" below) are extremely popular solitaire games, because they are simultaneously more challenging and more rewarding than Klondike style games. Skill plays more of a role, and there are players so dedicated to Yukon that they have played it thousands of times. In regular Yukon you can expect to win as much as 1 in 4 games, but the added level of difficulty in Russian Solitaire reduces that to as little as once in 20 games. The key is to bring the face-down cards into play as soon as possible.

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Related games: Russian Solitaire makes Yukon harder by only allowing you to build down in the tableau with cards of the same suit, instead of in alternating colours, and it is an extremely popular game in its own right. This requirement is also in place with Alaska, but may build in ascending or descending order in the tableau, which makes it easier to win than Russian Solitaire. Australian Patience is another popular spin-off from Yukon, and adds a stock which is dealt one at a time, while the entire 7x4 tableau starts face up; however this can feel like it's more about careful observation than decision making. Many other Yukon inspired games exist, including games which add things like a reserve, storage cells, or extra decks.
Scorpion: Special mention should be made of popular game Scorpion, which some categorize as part of the Yukon family, and the rules for moving unarranged stacks in Yukon may even originate in Scorpion. However, Scorpion uses Spider's requirement that stacks from Ace to King of the same suit must be assembled within the tableau before being discarded. Scorpion variants include Wasp, Three Blind Mice, Chinese Solitaire, and others.

== Games With Two Decks ==

FORTY THIEVES (Napoleon at St Helena)
Overview: Forty Thieves is a popular and classic game played with two decks, and is also included in most books with patience games. It also goes under the alternate name Napoleon at St Helena (not to be confused with a different solitaire game called "Saint Helena" or "Napoleon's Favorite"), and tradition says that this is the solitaire game Napoleon played while in exile on the island of St Helena. The game also goes under other names, including Roosevelt at San Juan. Its simple rules means that many variations exist, many of which are among the more strategic and satisfying versions of solitaire games that you'll find anywhere. Carefully working through the stock pile and manipulating the discard pile are a big element of successful play.
Game-play: A tableau is dealt with ten columns, each with four overlapping and face-up cards. Strict tableau building rules apply, because only the single top card of each column may be moved, and only onto a card that is the next highest rank of the same suit; any card can be placed into a space that becomes available in the tableau. The remaining stock of 64 cards is turned up one card at a time, with no redeals. The goal is to get all the cards onto the eight foundations from Ace through King in each suit.
Variations: In its strict and classic form, even with good play Forty Thieves is difficult to win, so many variants exist that seek to make the game easier. In some of these, the Aces begin as starting foundations ( San Juan Hill). In others, the tableau is not built down by cards of the same suit but by alternating colours (e.g. Streets), or by any suit other than its matching one (Indian). Some variations allow entire sequences of cards to be moved (Josephine, Forty Bandits, Ali Baba), or combine this with having tableau building in alternating colours (Number Ten, Rank and File, Emperor) or tableau building in any suit (Little Forty). In other variations, multiple redeals of the stock are permitted.
My thoughts: Game-play is very tight in the strict form of the game. It's not always a good idea to play a card just because you can, because you may block cards within the tableau that you need. You also need to pay close attention to duplicates, since two decks are in play. As a result, careful planning and consideration is needed. Unused stock typically ends up into an increasingly large face-up discard pile, but in the latter parts of the game skilful play often makes it possible to dig back through this and complete the game. This usually proves most satisfying when playing with one of the variants that makes the game slightly easier, to increase your chances of pulling out a win. Even with these variants, you'll have to play skillfully, making the Forty Thieves family of solitaire games one of the more popular choices for those who like a longer experience that is thoughtful, challenging, and yet solvable, and where skill plays even more of a role than luck.

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More variations: Instead of 10 tableau piles, some variations increase this to 12 piles (Blockade, Napoleon's Square, Corona) or 13 piles (Lucas, Waning Moon); or decrease it to 9 piles (Maria) or 8 piles (Forty and Eight, Congress, Parliament, Diplomat, Red and Black), each with different combinations of rules for tableau building. Games with just 6 piles (Blind Alleys, Pas Seul) or 5 piles (Double Rail) begin to feel much like Klondike.
Related games: Many other games take the Forty Thieves style concept and adjust it in more significant ways. In Interchange (more difficult), Breakwater, and Alternations, the initial tableau includes face-down and face-up cards. The very popular Thieves of Egypt begins with a pyramid shaped tableau. Busy Aces is a straight forward game in the style of Forty Thieves that is at the head of its own family, which includes the much simpler Fortune's Favor, a simple game ideal for beginners. For a terrific overview of all the Forty Thieves related games and their different nuances, consult Thomas Warfield's excellent complete guide to Forty Thieves types games.
CONCLUSION
This is by no means a comprehensive list that includes all builder-style solitaire games. But along with Klondike, Spider, and FreeCell, these seven additional games - Baker's Dozen, Beleaguered Castle,Canfield, Forty Thieves, La Belle Lucie, Sir Tommy, Yukon, and Forty Thieves - and the many related games that belong to their families, are the most common and popular forms of solitaire games that involve building. They have inspired many solitaire games like them, and have stood the test of time well.
If you enjoy Klondike, which is the most popular version of solitaire in the world, then Canfield and Yukon are natural games to explore next. Beleaguered Castle can be a little frustrating due to the strict rules and dependency on the luck of the draw, and even the other games in its family can be quite challenging. I'd recommend it only for more experienced and dedicated players, and would instead suggest next exploring Baker's Dozen and the games in the "Fan" family inspired by La Belle Lucie.
Their style of play is somewhat similar to Forty Thieves and its many siblings, which double the number of cards in the game by adding a second deck, and also adds a stock pile and discard pile you must manage. Forty Thieves type games are among the best you'll find for those who like a more challenging, thoughtful, and longer solitaire experience.
Author's note: I first published this article at PlayingCardDecks here.

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Anonymity by State/Country: Comprehensive Global Guide III

Ever since i started playing regularly, i've researched anonymity in places. Here is what i have for each state plus a bunch of other countries. If anything is outdated or incorrect, please comment.
United States
Alabama: No current lottery. Source: https://www.wtvy.com/content/news/Lottery-bill-other-legislation-is-likely-dead-in-Alabama-legislature-569059451.html
Alaska: No current lottery/Not Anonymous. "Unlike most other states, Alaska doesn’t have a state-sponsored lottery." Source: https://www.lotterycritic.com/lottery-results/alaska/ Alaska does permit charities to run lotteries, the largest one is Not Anonymous. Source: http://www.lottoalaska.com/
Alaska's governor has proposed a bill to create an official Alaska State Lottery. Source: https://apnews.com/78cacca5137f6b47e41be2de37600044
American Samoa: No current lottery. Source: https://simonsblogpark.com/onlinegambling/simons-guide-to-gambling-in-american-samoa/amp/
Arizona: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for all wins of $100,000 and over. Source: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/arizona-becomes-latest-state-shield-lottery-winners-names-n995696
Arkansas: Not Anonymous/Other entities unclear. "Winner information is subject to disclosure under the Arkansas Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). A winner who receives a prize or prize payment from the ASL grants the ASL, its agents, officers, employees, and representatives the right to use, publish (in print or by means of the Internet) and reproduce the winner’s name, physical likeness, photograph, portraits, and statements made by the winner, and use audio sound clips and video or film footage of the winner for the purpose of press releases, advertising, and promoting the ASL". Source: https://www.myarkansaslottery.com/claim-your-prize
California: Not Anonymous/Only individuals can claim. “ The name and location of the retailer who sold you the winning ticket, the date you won and the amount of your winnings are also matters of public record and are subject to disclosure. You can form a trust prior to claiming your prize, but our regulations do not allow a trust to claim a prize. Understand that your name is still public and reportable”. Source: https://static.www.calottery.com/~/media/Publications/Popular_Downloads/winners-handbook-October%202018-%20English.pdf
Colorado: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. “As part of the Open Records Act, we are required to release to the public your name, hometown, amount you won and the game you played. This information will be posted on coloradolottery.com and will be furnished to media upon request.” Source: https://www.coloradolottery.com/en/games/lotto/claim-winnings/ Source: https://denver.cbslocal.com/2016/01/15/in-colorado-and-other-states-lottery-winners-can-keep-names-secret/
Connecticut: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via a trust or LLC, "Certain information about our winners is public information: Winner's name and place of residence, date of claim, game played, prize amount won, and the selling retailer's name and location. While most winners claim prizes using their individual names, some winners come forward using other legal entities (i.e., trusts, business partnership) to claim their prizes. In those instances, the Lottery will promote the win using that legal entity's name. For more information about such instances, please consult your personal accountant or legal advisor.” Source: https://www.ctlottery.org/Content/winner_publicity.aspx
Delaware: 100% Anonymous if requested by winner. "Many winners have chosen to remain anonymous, as allowed by state law, but their excitement is yours to share!" Source: https://www.delottery.com/Winners and https://www.delottery.com/FAQs
DC: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via a trust or LLC. Anonymous question is not directly answered on lottery website. "In the District of Columbia, specific lottery winner information is public record." However, a Powerball Jackpot win was claimed via a LLC in 2009. Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/04/AR2009050402008.html
Florida: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via LLC. "Florida Lottery winners cannot remain anonymous. Florida law mandates that the Florida Lottery provide the winner's name, city of residence, game won, date won and amount won to any third party who requests the information; however Florida Lottery winners' home addresses and telephone numbers are confidential." Source: http://www.flalottery.com/faq
The Florida Lottery allows trusts to claim it, however winner information is still released in compliance with the law. A $15 Million jackpot was claimed by an LLC. Source: https://www.fox13news.com/amp/consumehit-the-lottery-remain-anonymous-not-in-florida Source: http://flalottery.com/pressRelease?searchID=199128
Georgia: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for all prizes over $250,000. Source: https://www.stl.news/georgia-governor-signs-bill-allowing-lottery-winners-remain-anonymous/121962/
Guam: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://www.kuam.com/story/11218413/guamanian-wins-big-in-sportsbingo-but-has-yet-to-claim-2m-prize
Hawaii: No current lottery. Source: https://www.kitv.com/story/40182224/powerball-or-mega-millions-lottery-in-hawaii
Idaho: Not Anonymous."By claiming a winning lottery ticket over $600, winners become subject to Idaho’s Public Records Law. This means your “win” becomes an offcial Idaho public record. Your full name, the town where you live, the game you won, the amount you won (before and after taxes), the name of the retailer where you bought the ticket, and the amount the retailer receives for selling the ticket are all a matter of public record." Can seek anonymity if you have specific security concerns (rarely granted). Source: https://www.idaholottery.com/images/uploads/general/winnersguideweb.pdf
Illinois: Not Anonymous/Anonymous if requested by winner for all wins over $250,000 however info will be released to a FOIA request. "However, Murphy also cooperated with the Illinois Press Association in adding an amendment that ensures that Freedom of Information Act, an act designed to keep government agencies transparent by allowing the public to access any public record by request, supersedes the privacy law, according to attorney Don Craven, the press association’s legal counsel." Source: https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Hidden-riches-Big-lottery-winner-in-Beardstown-13626173.php
Indiana: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via LLC or trust. "Indiana law allows lottery jackpot winners to remain anonymous, with the money being claimed by a limited liability company or legal trust." Source: https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-indiana-mega-millions-winners-20160729-story.html
Iowa: Not Anonymous/Can use a trust to claim but information will be released. "When you win an Iowa Lottery prize of $600 or more, you have to fill out a winner claim form that includes your name, address and Social Security number before you can claim your winnings. Iowa law makes the information on that claim form public, meaning that anyone can request a copy of the form to see who has won the prize. We redact sensitive information, such as your Social Security number, from the form before we release it, but all other details are considered public information under Iowa law (Iowa Code Section 99G.34(5)." Source: https://www.ialotteryblog.com/2008/11/can-prize-winne.html.
For group play, "Prizes can be paid to players who play as a group. A check can be written to an entity such as a trust or to a single individual." Source: https://ialottery.com/pages/Games/ClaimingPrizes.aspx
Kansas: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. "Kansas is one of a handful of states that does not have this requirement. If you win a prize in Kansas, you may request that your identity not be released publicly." Source: https://www.kslottery.com/faqs#faq-8
Kentucky: Anonymity appears to be an option. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website. But multiple instances of winners claiming anonymously have been reported in the news. "Kentucky Lottery spokesman Chip Polson said the $1 million Powerball winner claimed the prize on May 15 and the Mega Million winner claimed the prize on May 12. He confirmed that both players wanted their identity to remain a secret." Source: https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2017/05/19/two-1-million-lottery-winners-who-bought-tickets-louisville-want-privacy/101870414/
Louisiana: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. "Under the Lottery's statute, all prize payment records are open records, meaning that the public has a right to request the information. Depending upon the amount won and public or media interest in the win, winners may NOT be able to remain anonymous. The statute also allows the Lottery to use winners' names and city of residence for publicity purposes such as news releases. The Lottery's regular practice is not to use winner information in paid advertising or product promotion without the winner's willingness to participate. Source: https://louisianalottery.com/faq/easy-5#35 Source: https://louisianalottery.com/article/1050/the-williams-trust-claims-share-of-50-million-powerball-jackpot
Maine: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. "In the event that Maine does have a Mega Millions winner, he or she can opt to remain anonymous — but Boardman says that’s never happened. “What a winner could do in Maine is they could file their claim in the name of a trust, and the trust becomes the winner. So that’s how a winner could claim their ticket anonymously,” he says." Source: https://www.mainepublic.org/post/lottery-official-reminds-mainers-they-re-exceedingly-unlikely-win-16-billion-jackpot
Maryland*: Not Anonymous by Law, Anonymous in Practice. "However, the legal basis for this anonymity in Maryland is thin. The Maryland Lottery does not advertise that lottery winners may remain anonymous, but it posts articles on its website about winners and notes those winners who have “chosen to remain anonymous:” Source: https://www.gw-law.com/blog/anonymity-maryland-lottery-winners
*"Please note that this anonymity protection does not apply to second-chance and Points for Drawings contests run through the My Lottery Rewards program. Those contests are run as promotions for the Lottery. As such, they are operated under a different set of rules than our draw games and scratch-off games. The rules of participating in our second-chance and Points for Drawings contests state that winners' identities are published."" Source: https://www.mdlottery.com/about-us/faqs/
Massachusetts: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust "Lottery regulations state that a claimant's name, city or town, image, amount of prize, claim date and game are public record. Therefore, photographs may be taken and used to publicize winnings." Source: https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/05/lottery_sees_increase_in_winne.html
Michigan: Not Anonymous for Powerball and Mega Millions/100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for all other winners over $10,000. "Winner Anonymity. Michigan law requires written consent before disclosing the identity of the winner of $10,000 or more from the State lottery games Lotto47 and Fantasy 5. You further understand and agree that your identity may be disclosed, and that disclosure may be required, as the winner of any prize from the multi-state games Powerball and Mega Millions." Source: https://www.michiganlottery.com/games/mega-millions
Minnesota: Not Anonymous. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but lottery blog states "In Minnesota, lottery winners cannot remain anonymous. A winner's name, city, prize amount won and the place that the winning ticket was sold is public data and will be released to media and posted on our website." Source: https://www.mnlottery.com/blog/you-won-now-what
Mississippi: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. "In accordance with the Alyce G. Clarke Mississippi Lottery Law, the Mississippi Lottery will not disclose the identity of the person holding a winning lottery ticket without that person's written permission." Source: https://www.mslotteryhome.com/players/faqs/
Missouri: Not Anonymous. "At the Lottery Headquarters, a member of the Lottery's communications staff will ask you questions about your win, such as how many tickets you bought, when you found out that you won and what you plan to do with your prize money. This information will be used for a news release. You will also be asked, but are not required, to participate in a news conference, most likely at the store where you purchased your winning ticket." Source: http://www.molottery.com/whenyouwin/jackpotwin.shtm
A Missouri State Legislator has submitted a bill to the State House to give lottery winners anonymity. Source: https://www.kfvs12.com/2020/02/25/mo-house-considers-legislation-protect-identity-lottery-winners/
Montana: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. "In Montana, by law, certain information about lottery winners is considered public. That information includes: the winner's name, the amount won and the winner's community of residence. Winners may choose to claim as an individual or they may choose to form a trust and claim their prize as a trust. If a trust claims a lottery prize, the name of the trust is considered public information. A trust must have a federal tax identification number in order to claim a Montana Lottery prize." Source: https://www.montanalottery.com/en/view/about-faqs
Nebraska: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via LLC. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but a winner created a legal entity to claim anonymously in 2014. "Nebraska Lottery spokesman Neil Watson said with the help of a Kearney lawyer, the winner or winners have created a legal entity called Carpe Diem LLC." Source: https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/m-nebraska-powerball-winner-to-remain-anonymous/article_a044d0f0-99a7-5302-bcb9-2ce799b3a798.html
A Nebraska State Legislator has now filed a bill to give 100% Anonymity to all winners over $300,000 who request it. Source: https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/anonymity-for-lottery-winners-bill-would-give-privacy-to-those/article_1cdba44d-c8bb-5971-b73f-2eecc8cd4625.html
Nevada: No current lottery. Source: https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/casinos-gaming/heres-why-you-cant-play-powerball-in-nevada/
New Hampshire: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via a trust. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but a winner successfully sued the lottery and won the right to remain anonymous in 2018. Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2018/03/12/winner-of-a-560-million-powerball-jackpot-can-keep-the-money-and-her-secret-judge-rules/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.bec2db2f7d2c
New Jersey: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.nj.com/politics/2020/01/win-big-you-can-claim-those-nj-lottery-winnings-anonymously-under-new-law.html
New Mexico: Not Anonymous. “Winners of $10,000 or more will have name, city, game played, and prize amount and photo on website.” Can seek anonymity if you have specific security concerns (rarely granted). Source: https://www.nmlottery.com/uploads/FileLinks/82400d81a0ce468daab29ebe6db3ec27/Winner_Publicity_Policy_6_1_07.pdf
New York: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via a LLC. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but per Gov. Cuomo: "For the past 40 years, individuals wishing to keep their name and information out of the public view have created LLCs to collect their winnings for them." Source: https://nypost.com/2018/12/09/cuomo-vetoes-bill-allowing-lotto-winners-to-remain-anonymous/
North Carolina: Not Anonymous. "North Carolina law allows lottery winners' identity to remain confidential only if they have an active protective order against someone or participate in the state's "Address Confidentiality Program" for victims of domestic violence, sexual offense, stalking or human trafficking." Source: https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article54548645.html
North Dakota: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.kfyrtv.com/home/headlines/ND-Powerball-Winners-Have-Option-to-Remain-Anonymous-364918121.html
Northern Mariana Islands: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.nmsalottery.com/game-rules/
Ohio: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but appears to have an anonymous option. "The procedure from there was a little cumbersome. I needed to create two separate trusts. One trust was to appoint me, as the trustee on behalf of the winner, to contact the Lottery Commission and accept the Lottery winnings. The secondary trust was set up for me as trustee of the first trust, to transfer the proceeds to the second trust with the winner as the beneficiary. This enabled me to present the ticket, accept the proceeds, and transfer it to the winner with no public record or disclosure." Source: https://www.altickcorwin.com/Articles/How-To-Claim-Lottery-Winnings-Anonymously.shtml
Oklahoma: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust or LLC. In accordance with the Oklahoma Open Records Act and the Oklahoma Education Lottery Act, the name of any individual, corporation, partnership, unincorporated association, limited liability company, or other legal entity, and their city of residence will be made public. Source: https://www.lottery.ok.gov/playersclub/faq.asp Source: https://oklahoman.com/article/5596678/lottery-winners-deserve-some-anonymity
Oregon: Not Anonymous. "No. Certain information about Lottery prizes is public record, including the name of the winner, amount of the prize, date of the drawing, name of the game played and city in which the winning ticket was purchased. Oregon citizens have a right to know that Lottery prizes are indeed being awarded to real persons. " Source: https://oregonlottery.org/about/public-interaction/commission-directofrequently-asked-questions Can seek anonymity if you have specific security concerns (rarely granted). Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3353432/Man-living-Iraq-wins-6-4-million-Oregon-jackpot.html
Pennsylvania: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. Source: https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/trust-that-won-powerball-no-relation-to-manheim-township-emerald/article_29834922-4ca2-11e8-baac-1b15a17f3e9c.html
Puerto Rico: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-powerball-winner-claims-prize-chooses-stay-anonymous-n309121
Rhode Island: Not Anonymous/Anonymous if requested but all info is subject to FOIA. "While the Lottery will do everything possible to keep a winner's information private if requested by the winner, in Rhode Island and most other states, this information falls under the Freedom of Information Act, and a winner's name and city or town of residency must be released upon request." Source: https://www.rilot.com/en-us/player-zone/faqs.html
South Carolina: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Anonymity or who can claim is not addressed on lottery website but appears to have an anonymous option based on prior winners. Source: https://myfox8.com/2019/03/15/the-anonymous-south-carolina-winner-of-the-largest-lottery-jackpot-is-donating-part-of-it-to-alabama-tornado-victims/
South Dakota: Not Anonymous for draw games and online games/100% Anonymous for Scratchoffs if requested by the winner. "You can remain anonymous on any amount won from a scratch ticket game. Jackpots for online games are required to be public knowledge. Play It Again winners are also public knowledge." Source: https://lottery.sd.gov/FAQ2018/gamefaq.aspx.
Tennessee: Not Anonymous/Can use a trust but info subject to open records act. Anonymity is explicitly noted as not being allowed on the official lottery website. Source: https://www.tnlottery.com/faq/i-won
However if it is claimed via a trust then the lottery will not give out your information unless requested to do so. "The TN lottery says: "When claiming a Lottery prize through a Trust, the TN Lottery would need identity documentation for the grantor and all ultimate beneficiaries. Once we are in possession of these documents and information, records are generated. If a formal request is made by a citizen of Tennessee, the Trust beneficiary's name, city and state must be made available under the Tennessee Open Records Act." Source: https://www.avvo.com/legal-answers/in-tennessee--can-a-lottery-jackpot-be-claimed-whi-2327592.html
Texas: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for $1 million or more IF the winner claims it as an individual AND chooses the Cash option. Not Anonymous if claimed by a trust or LLC or if the winner chooses the Annuity option. Source: https://www.txlottery.org/export/sites/lottery/Documents/retailers/FAQ_Winner_Anonymity_12112017_final.pdf
Utah: No current lottery. Source: https://www.lotterycritic.com/lottery-results/utah/
Vermont: Not Anonymous/Anonymous via trust. “The name, town and prize amount on your Claim Form is public information. If you put your name on the Claim Form, your name becomes public information. If you claim your prize in a trust, the name of the trust is placed on the Claim Form, and the name of the trust is public information.” Source: https://vtlottery.com/about/faq
Virginia: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for prizes over $10 million. "A new law passed by the Virginia General Assembly and signed by the Governor prohibits the Virginia Lottery from disclosing information about big jackpot winners." "When the bill goes into effect this summer, the Virginia Lottery will not be allowed to release certain information about winners whose prize exceeds $10 million, unless the winner wants to be known." Source: https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/local/virginia/new-virginia-law-allows-certain-lottery-winners-to-keep-identity-private/291-c33ea642-e8fa-45fd-b3a4-dc693cf5b372
US Virgin Islands: Anonymity appears to be an option. A $2 Million Powerball winner was allowed to remain anonymous. Source: https://viconsortium.com/virgin-islands-2/st-croix-resident-wins-2-million-in-latest-power-ball-drawing/
Washington: Not Anonymous/Can use a trust but info subject to open records act. "As a public agency, all documents held by Washington's Lottery are subject to the Public Records Act. Lottery prizes may be claimed in the name of a legally formed entity, such as a trust. However, in the event of a public records request, the documents forming the artificial entity may be released, thereby revealing the individual names of winners." https://www.walottery.com/ClaimYourPrize/
West Virginia: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner for prizes over $1 million and 5% of winnings remittance. "Effective January 1, 2019, House Bill 2982 allows winners of State Lottery draw games to remain anonymous in regards to his or her name, personal contact information, and likeness; providing that the prize exceeds one million dollars and the individual who elects to remain anonymous remits five percent of his or her winnings to the State Lottery Fund." Source: https://wvlottery.com/customer-service/customer-resources/
Wisconsin: Not Anonymous/Cannot be claimed by other entities. "Pursuant to Wisconsin’s Open Records law (Wis. Stats. Secs. 19.31–19.39), the Lottery is required to disclose a winner’s name, likeness and place of residence. If you win and claim a prize, the Lottery may use your name, likeness and place of residence for any purpose without compensation to you.
Upon claiming your prize, you waive any claims against the Lottery and its representatives for any and all liability which may result from the disclosure or use of such information." "The original winning ticket must be signed by a single human being. For-profit and non-profit entities, trusts, and other non-human beings are not eligible to play or claim a prize." Source: https://wilottery.com/claimprize.aspx
Wyoming: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. "We will honor requests for anonymity from winners. However, we certainly hope winners will allow us to share their names and good news with other players." Source: https://wyolotto.com/lottery/faq/
Other countries
Australia: 100% Anonymous if requested by winner. "The great thing about playing lotto in Australia is that winners can choose to remain anonymous and keep their privacy, unlike in the United States where winners don't have such a choice, and are often thrown into a media circus." Source: https://www.ozlotteries.com/blog/how-to-remain-anonymous-when-you-win-lotto/
Bahamas: No current lottery. Source: https://thenassauguardian.com/2013/01/29/strong-no-vote-trend-so-far-in-gaming-referendum/
Bahrain: Not Anonymous. Source: https://bdutyfree.com/terms-conditions1#.X8ru92lOmdM
Barbados: Not Anonymous. "No. Barbados Lottery winners cannot remain anonymous. The Barbados Lottery mandates the winner’s name, address, game won, date won and amount won be provided; however Barbados Lottery winners' home addresses and telephone numbers are confidential." Source: https://www.mybarbadoslottery.com/faqs
Brazil: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.lotterycritic.com/lottery-results/brazil-lottery/
Canada: Not Anonymous. Every provincial lottery corporation in Canada requires winners to participate in a publicity photo shoot showing their face, their name and their municipality. Can seek anonymity if you have specific security concerns (rarely granted). Source: https://consumers.findlaw.ca/article/can-lottery-winners-remain-anonymous/
Carribbean Lottery Countries (Antigua/Barbuda, Anguilla, St. Kitts/Nevis, St. Maarten/Saba/St. Eustatius, and Turks/Caicos): Not Anonymous. "No. Caribbean Lottery winners cannot remain anonymous. The Caribbean Lottery mandates the winner’s name, address, game won, date won and amount won be provided; however Caribbean Lottery winners' home addresses and telephone numbers are confidential." Source: https://www.thecaribbeanlottery.com/faqs
China: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Must appear in a press conference and photo but allowed to wear disguise. Source: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/22/china-lottery-winners-mask/22108515/
Cuba: No current lottery. Source: https://oncubanews.com/en/cuba/society-cuba/cuban-traditions/lottery-the-national-game-infographics/
EuroMillions Countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and UK*): 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.euro-millions.com/publicity
*United Kingdom: Excludes
*Caymen Islands, and Falkland Islands: No current lottery. Source: https://calvinayre.com/2018/11/02/business/cayman-islands-move-illegal-gambling-doesnt-address-real-issue/ Source: https://simonsblogpark.com/onlinegambling/simons-guide-gambling-falkland-islands/amp/#lottery-falkland-islands
*Anguilla, and Turks & Caicos: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.thecaribbeanlottery.com/faqs
EuroJackpot Countries (Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands*, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden): 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.euro-jackpot.net/en/publicity
*Netherlands: Excludes
*St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.thecaribbeanlottery.com/faqs
Fiji: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://fijisun.com.fj/2012/11/08/3m-lotto-win-here/
Georgia (Kartvelia): Anonymity appears to be an option. "2.9.1. Prizes and Winners. Each Bidder shall provide details of:....how winners who waive their right to privacy will be treated;" Source: https://mof.ge/images/File/lottery/tender-documentation.pdf
Greece: Anonymity appears to be an option. "The bearer of the ticket shall keep the details of the ticket confidential and not reveal them to any third party." Source: https://www.opap.gen/identity-terms-of-use-lotto
Guyana: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2013/05/16/winner-says-he-was-too-busy-to-collect-78m-lotto-prize/
India*: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35771298
*: Only available in the states of Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland and Mizoram. Source: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lottery-mizoram-nagaland-sikkim-kerala-975188-2017-05-04
Indonesia: No current lottery. Source: https://apnews.com/45eb94ff1b1132470a7aa5902f0bc734
Israel: Not Anonymous by Law, Anonymous in Practice. “[A]lthough we have this right, we have never exercised it because we understood the difficulties the winners could encounter in the period after their win. We provide details about the winner, but in a manner that doesn’t disclose their identity,” Dolin Melnik, then-spokesperson for Israel’s Mifal Hapayis lottery told Haaretz in 2009." Source: https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-the-israeli-lottery-gives-winners-masks/
Jamaica: Not Anonymous. First initial and last name of winner was released but winner was allowed to wear a mask for photo. Source: https://news.e-servicis.com/news/trending/lottery-winner-takes-prize-in-scream-mask.1S/
Japan: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/08/business/japans-lottery-rakes-declining-revenues-younger-generation-gives-jackpot-chances-pass/#.XRYwVVMpCdM
Kenya: Not Anonymous. "9.1 When You claim or are paid a prize, You will automatically be deemed to grant to O8 LOTTO an irrevocable right to publish, through all types of media broadcasting, including the internet, for the purposes of promoting the win, Your full name (as well as Your nick name), hometown, photograph and video materials without any claim for broadcasting, printing or other rights" Source: https://mylottokenya.co.ke/terms-conditions
Malaysia: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://says.com/my/news/a-24-year-old-malaysian-woman-just-won-more-than-rm4-million-from-4d-lottery
Nagorno-Karabakh: Not Anonymous. Source: http://asbarez.com/120737/artsakh-lottery-winner-claims-car-prize/
New Zealand: 100% Anonymous if requested by winner. Source: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10383080
North Korea: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.nknews.org/2018/11/north-korean-sports-ministry-launches-online-lottery/
Northern Cyprus: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://www.pressreader.com/cyprus/cyprus-today/20181124/281590946615912
Oman: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: http://www.omanlottery.com/
Philippines: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.rappler.com/nation/214995-ultra-lotto-winners-claim-winnings-pcso-october-2018
Qatar: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.qatarliving.com/forum/qatar-living-lounge/posts/qatar-duty-free-announces-latest-us1-million
Romania: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://www.thelotter.com/win-lottery-anonymously/
Russia: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: http://siberiantimes.com/otheothers/news/siberian-scoops-a-record-184513512-roubles-on-russian-state-lottery/
Samoa: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/191796/samoa%27s-lotto-winner-still-a-mystery
Saudi Arabia: No current lottery. Source: https://www.arabnews.com/police-arrest-lottery-crooks-victimizing-expats
Singapore: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/did-you-win-here-are-results-of-136m-toto-hongbao-draw
Solomon Islands: No current lottery. Source: http://www.paclii.org/sb/legis/consol_act/gala196/
South Africa: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://www.thesouthafrican.com/powerball-results/powerball-winner-r232-million-found-lottery-details/
South Korea: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: https://elaw.klri.re.keng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=38378&type=sogan&key=5
Sri Lanka: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/01/31/where-do-all-the-lottery-winners-go/
Taiwan: 100% Anonymous if requested by the winner. Source: http://m.focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201806250011.aspx
Trinidad and Tobago: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/student-wins-the-million-lotto/article_3f3c8550-570d-11e9-9cc3-b7550f9b4ad4.html
Tuvalu: No current lottery. Source: http://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1964/1964-0004/GamingandLotteries_1.pdf
United Arab Emirates: Not Anonymous. Source: https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/shojith-ks-in-sharjah-uae-wins-abu-dhabi-duty-free-big-ticket-4-million-jackpot-rejects-calls-2032942
Vatican City: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/12/04/popes-white-lamborghini-up-for-raffle-winner-gets-trip-to-rome/
Vietnam: Anonymity appears to be an option. Source: https://ampe.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-farmer-identified-as-winner-of-4-million-lottery-jackpot-3484751.html
Windward Lottery Countries (Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Not Anonymous. "Prize winners asked to do so by Winlot must give their name and address, and satisfactory establish their identity. All winners of the Jackpot (Match 6) prize will be photographed. Note that Winlot and CBN reserve the right to publish the names, addresses and photographs of all the winners." Source: http://www.stlucialotto.com/snl/super6_rules_regs.php

[Colorado] Lease specifies early termination fee--does this give me an out to break the lease?

I'm in a battle for my life against a Red Flag law, and discovered it's about more than just Red Flag Laws. Please help.

This post is a little long, but if you can read through it, it might help not just people in Colorado but people across the country who have been falsely accused - without harming actual victims. In fact, a Democratic Senator in Colorado wants to FIX the Red Flag laws in Colorado, and yes - that means a LIBERAL wants to help fix this problem. This is the best chance people in CO have to fix the permanent damage done by abuses of "well intentioned laws".

HI!
My life was ruined by a pedophile family member who went after me last year because he couldn't get me alone when I was younger.
He filed a false claim in Colorado, and then dropped it before a hearing. Had he not, I would've sent him to jail for perjury.
I thought it ended there. It didn't.
The false accusation (claiming I was diagnosed with a violent mentally illness, that I sent him to the hospital, that I couldn't function on my own in public), is on my civil background check. It's ended my life in every way from finding jobs to going back to school, despite the fact it was vacated.
So I spent the past year looking up the laws, calling over 100 lawyers and lawfirms, talking to my legislators, talking to the state bar association, hiring whomever I could. I focused on Red Flag laws first, but since discovered the core of the issue goes deeper. It actually revolves around background checks. So let me break down the facts of what I have found based off all the evidence I've collected, and how it can help victims of false filings. But also let me state that I am in support of victims who need immediate assistance, I just believe that the law has failed to protect both victims and those falsely accused. Having said that, I believe there are some very simple solutions which can help everyone!! Please bear with me in this thread.

Fact 1: Red Flag Laws are actually criminal accusations using criminal code. They are handled in civil court because civilians cannot bring criminal accusations. However, because they are criminal code they STILL have to be governed by criminal mechanisms. This is where it gets dicey:

Many lawmakers and judges don't understand this and have either abandoned those mechanisms or rule against them
Many Red Flag laws (esp the ones in Colorado) actually briefly address these issues in their own civil and criminal code but the civil and criminal codes are improperly written which causes legal confusion
Lawyers are taught there is only civil and only criminal, no cross over, despite the fact these laws do cross the two boundaries
There are more than 1 US Supreme Court Rulings on mixing civil and criminal, but one of the earliest rulings that has not been overturned is US 356 / 677 US vs Procter and Gamble 1958 https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/356/677/, explicitly stating that if criminal code is cited, the criminal mechanisms must be allowed in court

Fact 2: Because Red Flag laws are handled in Civil Court, they stick on your background like white on rice. This is wrong. This is wholly wrong. False criminal accusations can be sealed and expunged from Criminal Background checks in most circumstances, but because these laws are in Civil Court, Civil Backgrounds retain those accusations until you die. I believe this is a rights violation because of the denial of criminal code mechanisms designed explicitly to handle the criminal accusations.
Fact 3: These laws are being abused almost everywhere, but in Colorado it's become even worse. In my county alone last year 700 false filings were made - as in accusations that were dropped before a hearing or only lasted the period of a hearing (3 months). Fewer than 10% lasted longer than that, and fewer still were made permanent after having found cause. It's like arresting 100 people to catch 3 criminals in a state with a 3% crime rate. Landlords are using it bypass the eviction process to raise rates immediately and get new tenants who are richer, Dormmates have been using it to kick their roomates out to get their friends into a dorm at college, neighbors have done it to kick their neighbors out of their own homes, minorities are being targeted just because they are minorities.
Fact 4: The abuse is so rampant that Senator Pete Lee has formed a Task Force last year with the Colorado Bar Association to figure out what's going on. Unfortunately, the republican legislators will NOT even discuss the issue. I find this bizarre - that the leading Civil Rights Democrat is trying to fix the problem, but the conservatives are not. But, hey, as long as we get someone to fix it.
Fact 5: Every legislator I spoke with (who returned calls), the Governor's Office, and the Attorney General's Office, believed, erroneously, that a false Red Flag accusation does NOT appear on your Civil Background Check. It does. It also specifies a criminal offense. The reason why everyone on Capitol Hill thought that they don't is because of a section of CRS 13-14-103 (9) states that a granting of a temporary order shall not be seen as evidence of wrongdoing. But those words have no legal weight whatsoever! In fact, later sections explicitly state that previous Temporary Orders can be used in making future determinations.
Fact 6: A dismissed order doesn't actually state that the accusation was dismissed, just that the action resulting from the accusation was dismissed. Employers are using these accusations on backgrounds to deny employment, and no law actually actively protects someone from this form of discrimination, since there is no law that prevents employers from looking up Civil Checks.... it's an HONOR system law, meaning the civil checks are still public knowledge and the employer just promises not to.
Fact 7: The lasting damage from a Red Flag law involves background checks. In Colorado people aren't JUST abusing TCPOs (temporary civil protection orders) and other Red Flag Laws. No, it's actually everything. Collections Agencies in Colorado are also abusing the background check system by filing false claims in Civil Court just to get the claim on their target. They can then extort their target while dragging out a malicious use of the judicial system in order to get what they want. See, unlike many other states, Colorado has only two barely functional mechanisms for sealing and expunging background checks, neither one seems to apply to all Red Flag laws, and to the laws they do apply they are very difficult to argue.
What can be done - Legally:

Contact Senator Peter Lee, express your support for change, even if you don't live in Colorado, these laws can still affect you if you ever travel to Colorado
I wrote up everything I could and found into a PDF that specifies the holes in the system. You can find it here, spread it around like an STD: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1amSQPDFijQc4R75R1FoPn7Z7st0MW9m0
Instead of targeting TCPOs, it might be quicker and easier to target the background checks themselves. I wrote a concept law that Pete Lee's office was interested in reviewing. So I sent it to them. I made a change.org petition that highlights how this law works. Basically it works like this: If you were investigated and cleared, and if the accusation was dismissed or dropped, you can petition for an automatic sealing of the accusation, followed by automatic expungement after the statute of limitations is over. I imagine over 90% of all falsely filed Red Flag accusations would be gone. People would have their lives back. This would also cover false claims by credit agencies, land lords, etc... Having said that, signing the petition is fine, but calling Senator Pete Lee is better. You can view the petition here: change.org/InnocenceAct

I'm begging for your help.

I have more information, more research, including a potential way to assist legal actions in Colorado designed to fight a false accusation, so if you have specific questions please ask, but don't just disregard this post! It's a dirty fight here in Colorado, and everyone, regardless of politics, is being targeted. 700 false filings in my counting last year, with only a dozen or so considered legitimate is too much of a disparity!

The Legendary Lou Smit

Andrew Louis Smit has been variously described as “a legend”, an “ace”, “superhuman”, an “American hero”, and a “delusional old man”. Everyone who met him seemed to consider him the consummate gentleman. Here is a photo of Smit with a couple of red herrings. Who was this guy who showed up three months after the crime, in a three-piece-suit, with a toothpick in his teeth, and re-investigated the entire casefile? How the hell did that happen in the first place, and how did he reach such a wildly different conclusion to the police?
The Myth
The Lou Smit myth is best encapsulated in this obsequious documentary from 2002. Here is the basic narrative (with a few quotes taken from that documentary):

It was three months after the crime. The District Attorney, Alex Hunter “feared the police investigation was getting nowhere. To help, he decided to bring in the best homicide detective he could find.” Legendary Colorado detective Lou Smit was pulled out of retirement. Though he thought that the Ramseys were probably involved (based on what he had seen in the media), Smit kept an open mind. When he began studying the crime scene photographs, he noticed a few things that made him start questioning the media’s narrative. Gradually, he found more and more evidence of an intruder that police had overlooked. “The police were angered at Smit's increasing suspicion that they were wrong - and angered, too, that prosecutors in the District Attorney's office were beginning to listen to him.” Smit’s objective consideration of all the evidence eventually led him to conclude that an intruder must have committed this crime, leading him to openly support the Ramseys, resign from the case in protest, and make all his evidence public.

This narrative is repeated in countless TV interviews and books by the Ramseys and others. As you can see from some of the comments made on this subreddit (1, 2, 3) a lot of people genuinely believe this is what happened. The key message is that Lou Smit was extremely experienced, and therefore trustworthy. The police did not have homicide experience, but Smit did. Unlike the Ramsey-hating cops, he was a “seasoned investigator” who “knew his stuff”. Even Lawrence Schiller, the most respected historian of this case, is open about his personal admiration and affection for Lou Smit.
The fact is, Smit was experienced, there is no denying that. But that doesn’t explain his involvement in this case. The trouble with the Glorification of Smit is that it hugely simplifies the circumstances of Smit’s hiring, it misrepresents the actual status of the case at that time, it misstates what his role really was, and tells us absolutely zero about how he actually approached this case.
Smit did not just identify “new evidence”--he removed a huge amount of evidence from consideration, with little or no good reason for doing so. He changed the entire conversation, he treated the Ramsey case as though it was a totally different case, and succeeded in changing the definition of what could and could not be considered “relevant evidence”. He did all this at a time when the two most credible suspects in the case had not even been formally interviewed. It was a devastating sleight-of-hand trick played on the American justice system.
This post is an attempt to show exactly how that happened, to separate the facts about Lou Smit’s involvement from the mythology.
The District Attorney’s Office
The myth tells us “the DA feared the police investigation was getting nowhere. So he brought in Smit to solve the case.”
In fact, the Boulder District Attorney’s office had been attempting to steer the police investigation away from the Ramseys for three months before Smit was hired. Their behavior was highly unusual: In the real world, the police’s job is to investigate, then the DA’s job is to prosecute. Once a suspect is charged, the DA can start plea bargaining and negotiating with the suspect. But in this case, the negotiations began the day after the crime, long before the Ramseys had even been formally interviewed. During those first three months, the DA’s office handed over police reports, the autopsy report, and crime scene photographs to the Ramseys. The DA’s office invited the Ramseys’ defense team to inspect key pieces of evidence. The DA’s office refused to provide police with search warrants for basic pieces of evidence such as clothing items and phone records. When evidence testing began at the CBI, Pete Hoffstrom from the DA’s office immediately informed the Ramseys, and then actually attempted to halt testing until “arrangements [could] be made to allow a representative from the Ramsey family to be present”. When Patsy gave handwriting samples, she did so at an informal meeting at Hoffstrom’s home. By February 1997, the DA’s office was meeting regularly with the Ramseys’ lawyers to “build and maintain trust”, while aggressively urging police to investigate “intruder suspects” like Bill McReynolds.
The behavior of the DA’s office only makes sense if they were working on the assumption that the Rameys were innocent from day one. They simply would not have done the things they did, if they were not working on that assumption. We know for a fact that Pete Hoffstrom was speaking with John Ramsey’s lawyer Mike Bynum on December 27th, the day after the body was found, and that Hofstrom immediately called police to lobby on behalf of the Ramseys that very same day. Mike Bynum was a former employee of the District Attorney’s office, and close with many in the office. Another one of John’s lawyers, Bryan Morgan, was a close personal friend of Hofstrom. At one point in the investigation Hoffstrom remarked:

”I’m not stopping my breakfasts with Bryan. I’ve known him for 20 years.”

There is no way that the involvement of several friends and respected colleagues in the Ramsey legal team did not influence their approach to this case. It is also difficult to imagine, based on the number of mutual friends they had, that Hofstrom did not know or at least know of John Ramsey and his family prior to the crime. Let me be clear - I am not suggesting any kind of coverup. I think Pete Hoffstrom and the others in the DA’s office, who had received a biased, emotionally-charged picture of the “brutality” of this crime from the Ramseys’ lawyers, genuinely believed the Ramseys were not capable of the crime. Therefore they believed that by trusting the Ramseys, they would eventually uncover the evidence that led to the intruder. They would then catch that intruder, the police would be humiliated, and the DA’s office would ultimately be vindicated for their early vote of confidence in the parents.
By February 1997, the DA’s office was clearly frustrated at the lack of “intruder evidence” being produced by the police. None of the DA’s favorite suspects could be connected in any way to the crime scene, or had anything like a coherent motive--Linda Hoffmann Pugh, Bill McReynolds, Jeff Merrick, Joe Barnill, etc.--nobody known to the family had turned out to be a credible suspect. Police were just not finding anything to connect a single “intruder” to the crime. Though they were finding a significant amount of evidence connecting the Ramsey family to the crime--fiber evidence, physical evidence like the pineapple, handwriting similarities between Patsy and the note, indicators of a dysfunctional family environment--these and other details were slowly building up to a picture of the reality of that night. In the real world, successfully eliminating some suspects and zeroing in on others would be viewed as progress. But the DA’s office did not view it that way. When that documentary says “the DA was unhappy police were getting nowhere”, what it means is, the police investigation against an intruder was getting nowhere. The DA was unhappy that the police were getting somewhere he didn’t want them to be, and weren’t finding the intruder evidence the DA had expected them to find.
The DA’s bright idea: “Cataloging” the casefile
In February 1997, after their repeated attempts to interfere in the investigation, the DA’s office did not have access to the full casefile. They (and the Ramseys’ attorneys) believed the Boulder police were wrongly focusing on the family, and wanted access to that casefile. The DA, Alex Hunter, approached police about gaining access to the complete casefile. Hunter made out that his reasons were purely administrative. He proposed hiring somebody to “catalogue and index” that casefile as a way of “preparing the files for eventual transfer to a prosecutorial team”. As Schiller tells us:

Hunter told [Police Chief] Koby his plan, and the chief agreed, as long as the DA’s personnel did not interfere, second-guess, or reinvestigate.

When testifying under oath in a later case, Alex Hunter was asked what Lou Smit’s job actually was, and he again repeated this idea of “compiling” and “indexing” information, clarifying that Smit was not hired as a “field investigator”.

I advised the police department that I was going to hire an investigator to help me compile information coming into my department from the Boulder police department and from the various labs that were working the case and from other areas that were involved in the investigation … I hired Lou Smit to be “my” investigator in the sense of fulfilling the DA’s job, which would be … getting a case sort of ready for trial. Um. Lou set up I thought a sophisticated indexing system … He was not hired to go out into the field to do field investigation. [Hunter adds in passing that he also hired another investigator, Steve Ainsworth, at the same time “to look at the evidence coming into us with a defense attorney’s eye”.]

The Smit myth does not really line up with Hunter’s stated purpose here. If he really hired Smit because he thought “the police investigation was getting nowhere” and he wanted an experienced homicide detective to crack the case, he never actually said that was what he was doing. In fact, he pretended that it was all part of the administrative function of his office, “getting the case ready for trial”, and specifically assured police he would not be second-guessing or reinvestigating anything. The way Hunter describes it, Smit was hired as a kind of filing clerk.
Smit’s background
If, theoretically, you wanted to hire somebody to catch an “intruder”--if you wanted to look at kidnappers, drifters, serial killers, psychopaths and social outcasts--Lou Smit was the ideal candidate. Smit prided himself on his ability to “profile” psychopathic killers, his past cases included abductions, spree killings, and kidnappings.
At the time he was hired, Lou Smit was widely known because of one case, a case that he completed in 1995, just a year before Jonbenet’s death. This was the case of Heather Dawn Church. It was Smit’s greatest claim to fame, and he had solved it in a heroic fashion. The Church case had been unsolved for three years when he was hired by the El Paso Sheriff's department to reinvestigate. From a Denver Post article:

El Paso Sheriff's Detective Tim Shull worked under Smit on Heather's murder and recalled Smit's focus on the casebooks. "Lou prides himself in the organization of the casebooks, and that's how he gets a lot of his cases solved. He would take all those case books - and there were 18 of them - home and read them at night. He reorganized the case, and labeled it a "burglary gone bad.”

Eventually Smit discovered “a crime scene photograph showing a window screen slightly out of alignment and a set of fingerprints taken off the window that had never been identified”. Smit suggested running those fingerprints again--a wild gamble, since they had already been tested unsuccessfully years before--but this time, the prints were traced to the killer--a disturbed serial killer who Smit characterized as a “violent sexual predator, pedophile and psychopath”. One article notes that “The conviction exonerated the father, Mike Church, who had been under suspicion in the case.” The killer’s confession aligned exactly with Lou Smit’s prediction that it was a “burglary gone bad”:

[The killer confessed that] he had entered the home through a window, and Heather had surprised him. He strangled her there in the house and took her body out to dump it in a remote location.

What a coincidence! That’s what supporters of Smit say about this--what a coincidence that there was this other child homicide five years earlier, that also involved an intruder who left very few traces, that also involved a window in the home that police had overlooked which contained crucial evidence, that also involved an intruder who didn’t originally plan to kill the child, that also involved a thorough “reorganization” of the casefiles by Lou Smit. What an incredible coincidence that this case happened so soon before the Ramsey case, and was similar in so many ways!
Here is my whole point. It’s not a coincidence that we view these crimes as “similar”. If you take a step back and look at it rationally, it is easy to see that the “similarities” between the two cases are not coincidental at all. This is a very clear example of an investigator trying to fit the later crime into the mold of the earlier crime. If you stop trying to do that, if you take Smit’s theories out of the equation--you will see there are several obvious differences: Heather’s body was found thirty miles from her home. In Heather’s case the motive was straightforward--burglary, followed by murder to protect the killer’s identity. There was no carefully-hidden sexual assault. There was no redressing of the victim. There was no ransom note pointing to a fake terrorist-ransom-kidnapping that never happened. There was no use of household items to create elaborate weapons. In Heather’s case the parents were cooperative, even though they were suspects. There was a reasonable indication of forced entry--a bent window screen--with an unidentified fingerprint directly on top of it. The circumstances of the reporting of the kidnapping and the discovery of the body were totally different.
The only real, proven similarity between the two cases is totally superficial: they are both cases of a young girl murdered in her home. The idea that there is any more meaningful resemblance between the two crimes only makes sense if you accept several of Lou Smit’s unproven theories as fact.
This is what Lou Smit did in this case. He stopped us from looking at the Ramsey case on its own terms. He made us look at it according to a formula--according to a set of assumptions predicated on its perceived resemblance to Lou Smit’s “experience”. In order to do that, we have to be extremely selective, we have to filter out all the suspicious circumstances in which the body was found, and all the evidence pointing to the family, and simply pretend that Jonbenet’s death was a straightforward kidnapping case.
Smit’s initial view of the case
A big part of the Lou Smit legend is the idea that when he first joined the Ramsey case, he thought the Ramseys Did It. He has said this in multiple interviews, and his story is always the same. Here’s the version he gave when testifying under oath in 2003:

Q: When you first came on board with the Boulder District Attorney's office, what were your initial thoughts about the case?
Smit: It was just things that I had heard on the news. I hadn't -- I had paid somewhat attention to it because it was a high-profile case in our state, but the very first thing that you heard on the news was that there was a little girl that was brutally murdered in her home, and that there were no footprints in the snow. I remember that as being part of the newspaper articles. And also that there were no signs of forced entry; that a ransom note had been written inside the house.
And my initial impression was that, if I was going to initially look at the case, I would look at someone inside the house. That was my initial feelings on it. I didn't have any idea who killed JonBenet. And even if it was somebody in the house, I was thinking, How do you determine who it was in the house to do that? So these thoughts were in my mind initially when I came to work for Alex Hunter.

Read carefully: “I didn't have any idea who killed JonBenet [...] If I was going to initially look at the case, I would look at someone inside the house.” This is carefully qualified, conditional language. He puts himself in the position of a detective on the scene on day one (though that is not exactly the situation he was in in March 1997) and says in that situation he hypothetically would look at a resident of the home. But if you look for his actual answer to the question he was asked, he carefully avoids saying what his opinion was. “I didn’t have any idea who killed Jonbenet”. Its a non-answer. Dodging the question.
This would, of course, be a perfectly acceptable answer if Lou Smit really had been totally undecided at the time of his hiring.
What he consistently fails to mention (and what Alex Hunter also fails to mention) is that Lou Smit had already expressed at least one firm opinion on the case to Alex Hunter before he was hired. And that opinion ran strongly against the theory of the Boulder police. From a 2001 Rocky Mountain News interview:

[DA Alex Hunter] wanted [Smit] on his team. First though, Hunter asked for Smit's take on the now-infamous ransom note found in the Ramsey home. "I told Alex, 'Look, I don't know if you're going to hire me, but I'll give you a freebie," Smit recounted. "Whoever wrote this note did not do it after the murder."

The notion that the ransom note definitely could not have been written after the murder obviously contradicts any theory that the parents were involved. It obviously contradicts any theory that the note was “staging”. It obviously contradicts any theory that the killing was not premeditated. This is an opinion Smit and Alex Hunter specifically discussed before he was hired.
We also know that Lou Smit was already at this early period, comparing the Ramsey case to the Heather Dawn Church case. Detective Steve Thomas met Smit before Smit was introduced to the other officers, and notes, “[Smit] spoke at length about Heather Dawn Church, as if the murder of that little girl might be the blueprint for this case too”. In an article from the Denver Post, entitled New Detective Joins Case, published March 14, 1997, the day after Hunter asked Smit to work for him on Ramsey, and three days before he actually starting work at the DA’s office, Smit is again commenting on the Church case:

”The answers [to the Church case] were in the case books, when you went through them and really analyzed the case file."

So while Smit may claim he was thinking about the case the way the media told him to--the historical record indicates he was already at odds with the RDI theory, he had already made up his mind about certain key details--he had made up his mind it was an especially “brutal” crime, that the note could not have been staged after the killing, and that the Church case could be his blueprint--he had made up his mind on all of these things, before having reviewed a single police report, before having seen a single photograph.
And he and DA Alex Hunter specifically discussed this before his hiring.
What Work Did Smit Actually Do?

Katie Couric: You went into this case thinking the parents had committed this crime, or think there was a good chance they had.
Lou Smit: Yes, but I still had an open mind the other way too, Katie.
Couric: What was the first thing that you observed or saw in your investigation that lead you to believe, “Hey, maybe there’s somebody else who did this?”
Smit: You know Katie, it was the second day I was on the case. The very first photograph that I’d seen of that basement window—the window was wide open. And I said, “Wait a minute, take a look at that.” That was one of the light bulbs that went off, and one of the red flags that I’d seen.

So, according to the Smit myth, as he settled down to begin his indexing and cataloging, he first considered that the intruder theory may be true on his second day of the case after viewing a crime scene photo.
Lawrence Schiller’s book Perfect Murder, Perfect Town tells us what actually happened:

On March 13, Smit agreed to work for Hunter. That same day the DA walked upstairs to the sheriff’s office and asked Epp to lend him Steve Ainsworth for his investigation [this is the person Hunter says he specifically hired to look at the case from the point of view of the Ramseys’ defense]… Lou Smit and Steve Ainsworth formally joined Hunter’s team on March 17 ... That same afternoon, Smit and Ainsworth began examining a list of suspects the police might not have investigated fully.

Smit and Ainsworth were hired on the same day, started work on the same day, and immediately started working together investigating intruder suspects.
One of these “suspects” was Kevin Raburn. Schiller goes on to describe Smit (who Hunter tells us was “was not hired to go out into the field to do field investigation”) visiting jails, bars, clubs and restaurants, to investigate Raburn. This is how he spent the first weeks and months of his involvement on this case.
Smit was also promptly introduced to the Boulder Police Department. He announced to them, in this very first meeting: “I don’t think it was the Ramseys”.
In the summer of that year Smit investigated an unnamed “transient man”, a lead which he says “was obtained from the Ramsey attorneys and their investigators”. Later that year Smit, who “was not hired to go out into the field to do field investigation”, flew to Tennessee, arrested Kevin Raburn, and brought him on a private plane to Colorado, in handcuffs. (Raburn was eventually cleared. As were many other “intruders” nabbed by Smit that year, such as this suspected intruder from California). The police (the same police who supposedly were on a "witch hunt" against John Ramsey) faithfully investigated all of Lou Smit's new "suspects" - not one was remotely credible.
Note just how different this is from the Smit Myth. The myth paints Smit as completely undecided, “open minded”, patiently investigating the photos and gradually beginning to doubt his own beliefs in the Ramseys’ guilt. In reality, he was investigating “intruder suspects” on the first afternoon he was hired, and when first introduced to the cops he was informing them of the Ramseys’ innocence.
Smit himself has admitted that his “indexing and cataloguing work” did not take place until later. Under oath he clarified that when he first arrived at the DA’s office “the only information they had was the ransom note itself”, and that “initially” his work consisted in “help[ing] any investigation”. When he finally did get around to his indexing, the result was a highly selective compilation of “intruder evidence”. He did not simply “compile, catalogue and index” the files. In fact, he reorganized and shifted the emphasis of the casefile toward an “intruder”, adding significantly to the casefile with several entirely new theories that he himself came up with.
Smit was obviously applying the exact method he had used to solve Heather Dawn Church--picking out random details from crime scene photographs and taking a gamble on the assumption that they were the clue that would break the case. The intruder’s footprint (actually Burke’s), the intruder’s pubic hair (actually from Patsy’s maternal line), the intruder’s scarf (John’s), the intruder’s bike tracks (Burke’s), the intruder’s flashlight (John’s), the “scuff mark”, the “ruffled bedcover”, the “stun gun burns” (actually abrasions)--all these things and many more were inserted by Smit into the case as “important pieces of evidence” [See my posts on the Carnes ruling for specific rebuttals of Smit’s various theories].
Actions speak louder than words. No matter what Smit says (or carefully implies), no matter what Hunter says, no matter what his defenders say, Smit’s actions speak for themselves. Smit was hired to “sort of prepare the case for trial”, and that’s what he did - prepared the case for the trial against an intruder. It is very clear, from day one, he was building a case against a hypothetical intruder. He never once pursued or identified a single “lead” that did not point to the “intruder theory”. This is not something that emerged gradually over time - this is something that he worked on religiously from the very first day he was hired. And it is exactly what the DA’s office hired him to do.
Why was Smit so Biased?
The obvious question is why? Why was he so committed to the intruder theory? How could a supposedly diligent, respected investigator be so profoundly wrong in so many different ways, and also so confident in his own errors?
A common answer is “Smit was paid off”. I disagree. Though Smit was, obviously, hired on the assumption that he would find “intruder evidence”, I don’t think he ever took part knowingly in any conspiracy to cover up the truth. There are four factors, in my opinion, that influenced Smit’s misguided approach to this case.
1) The first is obviously his background, particularly the Heather Dawn Church case. Catching lone-wolf psychopathic killers was Smit’s speciality. This was his job. Smit caught the bad guys. He had been through the experience on more than one occasion of bringing closure to a grieving family--and this would have to influence him. We know Smit was discussing Heather Dawn Church in relation to the Ramsey case before he started work, and he was still discussing Heather Dawn Church in relation to the Ramsey case years after his resignation. Just look at Smit’s enthusiasm, his genuine optimism, when he said, in 2002:

Smit: We will be able to positively identify the source of that hair. And if it belongs to our killer, that will be the most-- that will be the strongest piece of evidence. Just like the fingerprint in the Heather Dawn Church case, that could be the strongest piece of evidence in this case. One hair.”

The hair has been identified as belonging to Patsy ramsey’s maternal line.
2) The second reason was that Lou Smit had personal reasons to sympathize with the Ramseys. Patsy Ramsey was a cancer survivor. When Smit became involved in the case his wife Barbara had recently been diagnosed with cancer. A man like Lou Smit would not have missed such a coincidence. He spoke on more than one occasion of the Ramseys’ religious faith, and said repeatedly that God had guided him onto the case. On June 6, 1997, he met privately with the Ramseys and invited them into his camper van to pray with him “that someday this nightmare will end and we will find the killer of our daughter.” John Ramsey said many times in interviews that he believed Lou Smit had been sent by God, and I am sure John Ramsey made a point of saying that to Lou Smit. As police chief Mark Beckner said, “Lou was a nice man and very religious. I believe he became emotionally involved with the family and in my opinion this clouded his judgement to the point where he could not accept the possibility that the family was involved.”
3) The third factor is the environment of the DA’s office, whose employees were also, for their own reasons, vehement supporters of the Ramseys. This created a dangerous dynamic--the DA’s office was not a place of rational discussion, but a group of “yes men”, encouraging each other’s hunches and intuitions, no matter what. That sort of environment is not at all conducive to a murder investigation.
4) The fourth factor, which may seem counterintuitive, is Smit’s intelligence. Lou Smit was, by all accounts, even according to his enemies, a smart guy--a good, solid investigator, not an impressionable person and not a person who could be hoodwinked easily. Though that helped him in earlier cases, it harmed him here.
Let me give an example: a man called Linus Pauling. Pauling was one of the most intelligent and best scientists of the 20th century - without question. A founder of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. A Nobel Prize winner. New Scientist ranked him as one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time. Yet late in his life, Pauling chose to aggressively endorse a theory of Vitamin C as the cure for all kinds of ailments, including cancer, the common cold, AIDS, cardiovascular disease, etc.
Though his views were thoroughly discredited by clinical trials, Pauling continued to come up with ways of disputing those who disagreed with his theories. It reached the point where Pauling was advocating highly-questionable studies, while turning a blind eye to more sensible ones, dismissing them as some sort of conspiracy by the medical establishment against his theory. This well-respected, talented, charismatic scientist was ignoring the hallmarks of his own profession, due to his devotion to this specific cause. A theory--that he obviously considered to be extremely compelling--led him to abandon the objectivity and restraint that his profession demanded. He even wrote very persuasive books like How To Live Longer and Feel Better, though countless medical experiments have conclusively proven that there is no actual evidence to support his claims.
This is simply something that can happen with people who are mavericks, who build a reputation on being right when everybody else is wrong. Someone very bright becomes fixated on an idea, and precisely because they are bright, they are able to constantly rationalize their own position. Their confirmation bias feeds on itself, and everywhere they look they see confirmation that they are, indeed, correct. This is not a rare phenomenon. It’s something we see in politics every day. Whatever side of the political spectrum you are on--look at the people on the other side, look at how profoundly they hold their beliefs. We can recognize, I think, that there are perfectly intelligent people who just happened to get it really wrong.
The Ramseys were Lou Smit’s Vitamin C. I dont think Smit was “paid off” by the Ramseys any more than Pauling was paid off by Vitamin C companies - a combination of factors in his background simply made him view the Ramseys in a specific way from the very beginning, and they encouraged and supported him, until it developed into a cycle in which they encouraged each other because of mutual interests. How to live longer and feel better? Find a good cause, and fight for it. That’s what Lou Smit tried to do.
I confess that I am always very hard on Lou Smit. Though I doubt it would bother him that I, and so many others, criticize him so strongly. In a way, it is a testament to Smit’s intellect that he was able to be so creatively wrong in so many different ways. He had so little to go on--a leaf, a “scuff mark”, a couple of tiny abrasions--and he worked his magic. Lou Smit was a guy who made something out of nothing. A less intelligent, less courageous person would not have been able to do that. And like Linus Pauling, he did it because it was something he profoundly believed was right. So you have to credit Lou Smit for his guts and his commitment to this case. But please do not confuse that with thinking he was right.

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History of gambling in Colorado. Colorado has allowed pari-mutuel betting on horse races since 1949. Plus, there’s been a state lottery in Colorado since 1983. However, Colorado gambling didn’t kick off until legal casino gambling came to the once sleepy mountain towns of Black Hawk, Central City and Cripple Creek in 1991. Colorado online gambling laws. The Centennial State joined the list of those with legal sports betting when its citizens voted “Yes” to Proposition DD in 2019. The new CO sports betting law contains full provisions for both retail and online wagering, the latter of which began in May 2020. Internet gambling is illegal under state and federal laws. Colorado law prohibits the transmission or reception of gambling information by any means. The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act, signed into law in October 2006, prohibits online gamblers from using credit cards, checks and electronic fund transfers to place and settle bets. 1992 – PASPA Stops Colorado Sports Betting. Legal gambling was on the rise in Colorado but sports betting was never included thanks to a key law passed by the federal government in 1992. The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act basically banned sports betting everywhere in the United States save Nevada. Does Colorado Have Legal Gambling; Legal Gambling Sites. Updated On December 4, 2020. Sports betting in Colorado has been legal since November 2019 and is now available to anyone above the age of 21.So, as long as you are 21 or older and physically present within the Colorado state borders, you can legally bet on sports in the Centennial State. Colorado Colorado Gambling Overview. Colorado is known as ‘The Centennial State.’ Its mountains were once rich in gold deposits, which fueled the state’s economy since 1858. Sadly, today, gold mines have dwindled. Colorado law CRS 18-10-103 prohibits most forms of gambling with only a few exceptions. The passage of legalized gambling in Colorado is not a broad mandate for all types of legal gaming. The scope of legalization applies only to sports betting. This, sadly, doesn’t open the way for Colorado Internet gambling or gambling parlors in every location. Slots, blackjack and video poker have been legal to play at casinos in a trio of Colorado mountain towns since 1991. But this spring, gamblers will have a variety of new ways to wager when sports... What is the legal gambling age in Colorado? The legal gambling age in Colorado is 18 for lottery and bingo, but 21 for horse racing and casino games. The gambling age for live sports betting would also be 21. For three months, Colorado casino operations were at a standstill, after the state closed gambling venues to flatten the COVID-19 curve. That closure led to a massive financial hit for the gaming

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Overview of Legal Gambling in the State of Colorado

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